Seasonal Dynamics of Microbial Processes in Bottom Sediments of the Sevastopol Coastal Area

Oceanology - A seasonal study of microbial methane oxidation (MO) and sulfate reduction (SR) processes in bottom sediments was carried out at five stations in the estuarian Sevastopol coastal area,...     

基于稳定同位素技术的光背团水虱食性分析

为了探究光背团水虱的食性特征，本研究利用碳、氮稳定同位素技术于2015年冬季和2016年夏季对广西北海廉州湾红树林中光背团水虱及其食物来源的碳、氮稳定同位素比值（δ13C值和δ15N值）进行分析。结果显示，冬季和夏季光背团水虱的δ13C值大小范围为-22.85‰~-21.87‰，平均值为（-22.46±0.35）‰；δ15N值大小范围为11.02‰~12.85‰，平均值为（11.88±0.56）‰；光背团水虱的δ13C值、δ15N值变化范围较小，表明其食物来源较为简单。单因素方差分析结果显示，冬季与夏季光背团水虱的平均δ13C值差异不显著（P>0.05），而夏季的δ15N值普遍高于冬季δ15N值，差异显著（P<0.05）；不同生长阶段的光背团水虱δ13C值、δ15N值会随着体长的增长而增大，差异显著（P<0.05），表明光背团水虱在生长的过程中可能发生了食性转变。光背团水虱的δ13C值与浮游生物的δ13C值相近，而与红树植物δ13C值差距较远，说明光背团水虱主要以浮游生物为食物来源。基于R语言稳定同位素混合模型（SIAR）计算结果显示，冬季和夏季各粒径级别浮游生物对不同生长阶段的光背团水虱的贡献率趋势基本一致，表现为1.2~25 μm粒级的浮游生物对光背团水虱平均贡献率最高，其次为25~50 μm粒级，粒径大于100 μm的浮游生物对体长小于5.5 mm的光背团水虱贡献率较低，对体长大于5.5 mm的光背团水虱的贡献率随着体长增大而相应增大，说明不同生长阶段的光背团水虱食性有差异。对光背团水虱食性分析的结果可为深入研究团水虱爆发的原因及危害红树林的作用机理提供基础资料。     

Penetration Depth of Torpedo Anchor in Two-Layered Cohesive Soil Bed by Free Fall

The penetration depth of torpedo anchor in two-layered soil bed was experimentally investigated. A total of 177 experimental data were obtained in laboratory by varying the undrained shear strength of the two-layered soil and the thickness of the top soil layer. The geometric parameters of the anchor and the soil properties (the liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, undrained shear strength, density, and water content) were measured. Based on the energy analysis and present test data, an empirical formula to predict the penetration depth of torpedo anchor in two-layered soil bed was proposed. The proposed formula was extensively validated by laboratory and field data of previous researchers. The results were in good agreement with those obtained for two-layered and single-layered soil bed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis on the parameters in the formula was performed.     

地幔上涌对鄂尔多斯西缘岩石圈的改造:来自远震多尺度层析成像的证据

本文利用喜马拉雅二期科学探测台阵的678个地震台站及26个固定台站记录到的9，641个地震共约160000条远震P波走时数据，采用基于稀疏约束的多尺度层析成像方法，获得了鄂尔多斯西缘及邻区上地幔800 km深度范围内P波速度结构.结果显示，在东经104°附近阿拉善地块与鄂尔多斯盆地间存在岩石圈深度的构造边界，这表明阿拉善地块与鄂尔多斯可能分别从属于不同的大地构造单元.以北纬38°线为界，鄂尔多斯地块西缘在岩石圈范围内南北存在明显的速度差异，鄂尔多斯南部上地幔200~300 km深度范围显示为高速异常，而鄂尔多斯北部上地幔显示大面积的低速异常.这一现象表明，鄂尔多斯地块南北两部分经历了不同的构造演化过程.根据本文的结果可以进一步推断，由于青藏高原、阿拉善地块向东北方向推挤以及岩石圈的拆离引起的上地幔扰动导致了地幔上涌，上涌的热物质改造了鄂尔多斯西北缘地区的岩石圈，并使该区的岩石圈减薄.地幔上涌也可能是东经104°边界带和北纬38°构造带形成的深部动力学因素.     

Planetary Wave Periods in <Emphasis Type="Italic">foF</Emphasis>2 Time Variations Based on Winter Data from Kaliningrad Station in 2008−2010

The study presents the results of the analysis of the F2-layer critical frequency variations obtained for the winter periods of 2008–2010, during which sudden stratospheric warmings were observed. The data were obtained at Kaliningrad ionospheric station (54.6° N, 20° E) with the Parus digital ionosonde in standard sounding mode. The mean daily foF2 values were used in the analysis. The results of spectral analysis based on continuous wavelet transform showed that, during all of the warmings that occurred in 2008–2010, the foF2 time variations demonstrated the presence of wave processes with periods of approximately 5?6 days, as well as more extended processes with periods of ~10?13 and 23?30 days. These periods coincide with the characteristic periods of planetary waves observed in the mesosphere during sudden stratospheric warmings, while the 13- and 30-day periods can be conditioned by the influence of the Sun.     

One-step solution to local tie vector determination at co-located GNSS/VLBI sites

The local tie vector, which connects the different space geodetic techniques at a co-located site, plays an important role in the realization of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). This paper presents a new method to determine the tie vector between the GNSS and very long baseline interferometry tracking points. The parameters of the local tie vector and the axes offsets are introduced into constraint equations. The parameters are then resolved using the 3D constrained least squares adjustment. With the surveying data collected at two different sites (Kunming and Urumqi) in China, the proposed method can precisely determine the local tie vectors in a geocentric frame. The root mean square error (RMSE) is (1.2, 2.3 and 1.5 mm) and (1.0, 1.5 and 1.4 mm) for the three coordinate components at the sites in Kunming and Urumqi, respectively. The offset between the primary and secondary axes of the VLBI telescopes is estimated to be 7.5 mm in Kunming’s site and 4.0 mm in Urumqi’s site, and the corresponding RMSE is 1.8 mm and 2.0 mm for the two sites, respectively.     

C-RESPONSE OF GEOMAGNETIC DEPTH SOUNDING ON A 1D THIN SHELL MODEL

This paper tries to formulate the C-response of geomagnetic depth sounding(GDS)on an Earth model with finite electrical conductivity. The computation is performed in a spherical coordinate system. The Earth is divided into a series of thin spherical shells. The source is approximated by a single spherical harmonic P₁⁰ due to the spatial structure of electrical currents in the magnetosphere. The whole solution space is separated into inner and external parts by the Earth surface. Omitting displacement current, the magnetic field in the external space obeys Laplacian equation, while in the inner part, due to the finite conductivity, the electromagnetic fields obey Helmholtz equation. To connect the magnetic fields in the inner and external space, the continuity condition of magnetic fields is used on the Earth surface. The external magnetic fields are expressed by the inner and external source coefficients, from which a new parameter called C-response is computed from the inner coefficient divided by the external coefficient, thus normalizing the actual source strength. The inner magnetic fields in each layer can be recursively derived by the continuity boundary condition of both normal and tangential components of the magnetic field from the initial boundary condition at core-mantle-boundary. The consistency of our C-responses with that from a typical 1-D global model validates the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. Numerical results also show that the C-response estimated from the geomagnetic transfer function method will deviate exceeding 5%from the actual response at longer periods than about 10⁶s, which means that ignoring the curvature of the Earth at extreme long periods will make inversion result unreliable. Therefore, an accurate C-response should be computed in order to lay a solid foundation for reliable inversion.     

The Hydrochemical Evolution of Water in Lake Karymskii during 1996‒2015 after an Underwater Eruption in Kamchatka

This study considers variations in the physical and chemical characteristics of water in Lake Karymskii for the period from January 1996, when a phreatomagmatic eruption occurred in the lake, until 2015. Our monitoring revealed two characteristic sets of components whose behavior characterizes the hydrochemical evolution of lake water: a comparatively rapid exponential decay of the concentrations of SO₄, Ca, and Mg and a slow decrease in the concentrations of Cl, Na, and K. We arrived at the conclusion that two components of the fluid flow (a fumarolic and a hydrothermal component proper) simultaneously occurred during the eruption and thus had an effect on the lake water. We adduce evidence to show that the water balance and the chemical composition of Lake Karymskii stabilized toward 2015.     

Variation in soil saturated hydraulic conductivity along the hillslope of collapsing granite gullies

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) affects the soil hydrological process and is influenced by many factors that exhibit strong spatial variations. To accurately measure K_s and its scale, spatial variability and relationship with collapsing gullies, we analysed four double-ring infiltrometer diameters in three soil layers during in situ experiments designed to measure K_s in two typical collapsing gullies (three slope sites) in Tongcheng County of China. The results showed that K_s increased with increasing inner ring diameter, but no significant difference existed between inner diameters of 30 and 40 cm. The K_s in red soil layers was higher than that in sandy soil layers, the transition layers had the lowest values. K_s also varied with slope position, gradually decreasing with distance from the gully head. The suggestion is that the spatial variation in K_s is affected not only by the intrinsic soil properties but also by the interaction with the collapsing gully.     

Focal Mechanism and Focal Depth of the May 22, 2016 MS4.6 Earthquake in Chaoyang, Liaoning

An earthquake with M_S4.6 occurred at 17:08 p.m., May 22, 2016 in Chaoyang County, Liaoning Province. We used the P-wave first motion method, TDMT method, and CAP method to determine the focal mechanisms and the PTD method and sPn-Pn method to determine the focal depth. The focal mechanism results of the three methods are consistent. The depth results of the CAP method, PTD method and sPn-Pn method are close. We used the double difference location method to relocate earthquakes in 2009-2016, and obtained the strikes and dip angles of the small earthquake distributions with the help of simulated annealing algorithm and gauss Newton algorithm fitting. According to the focal mechanism results, the depth results, the characteristics of small earthquake distributions and the structural characteristics of the source area, the seismogenic fault strike is NEE and the main pressure force direction is NNW. The earthquake focal mechanism is for a normal fault type with a little left-lateral strike slip motion.